FENLAND
FAMILY HISTORY SOCIETY

OLD WISBECH

Kevin Rogers & his slide show of old Wisbech brought back many memories to those members who had lived in & around the town all their lives.

Not only was he able to show many photos of the really old scenes of Wisbech, but he brought the Wisbech of our youth back to mind. The Wisbech of the war years & later, including our school years, brought back the most memories, if the comments from the audience were anything to go by, with some of the older shops in their original form, before modernisation: the Onyx cinema; the Octogaon Church, both now long demolished.

St. Peter’s School, The Horsefair with the Fire Station, & old cottages, even a circus there: the cannon, all of which were part of the bus route that most of the out of town school children knew so well, whether they travelled by Eastern Counties, Bluebell or Fowlers buses.

Also seen were slides of the Upwell to Wisbech tram, especially the lines crossing the road at Elm Road and the Blacksmiths Arms – how many people got their cycle wheels caught in the lines where they crossed the road, especially in the wet or Icy weather?

Not only were the photos of historical interest, but the stories Kevin told about the people connected with some of them brought the pictures alive, and many were the names which we remembered from the past.

To me at least & I’m sure to many others, it was a nostalgic evening of lovely memories which I will remember with pleasure.

The February meeting is about the Nonconformists of the Fens by our ever popular speaker Brian Jones.

NON-CONFORMISTS OF THE FENS

After being asked ‘how many religions are there’ & several guesses made by the audience -our ever popular Brian Jones told us that there ‘only two- those that accepted the Church & those that didn’t’.

The Roman Catholic faith was the only religion practised openly until Henry 8th decided to alter things so that he could divorce Katharine of Aragon & to achieve his wish he separated himself from papist Rome & made himself Head of the Anglican church- the protestants- & got his divorce.

The time came when the non - conformists divided amongst them - selves so that today we have Congregationalists, Methodists, Presbyterians, Independents, Quakers & many more. The Methodists are even further divided.

Brian explained that the non conformists did not agree with the ‘practices & usages’ of the established church such as the Mass, & the Sacraments. Another reason for the divisions was more easily understood when the people objected to paying Tithes to the priest who ‘appeared to do very little work’.

The different subsets came about because of deep thinking, spiritual men such as Wesley, James Parnell, George Fox, Samuel Cater & many others, who had the power & gift of speech to persuade the people to follow their thinking & preaching.

These men were also travellers who would visit many places spreading the word. Consequently chapels were built for worship & the conducting of Weddings Baptisms & Funerals. There are non conformists records available & much information can be gleaned from things like a church year book.

The information Brian gave us was overwhelming but had us very interested in what is & can be a very controversial & complicated subject.

Our March meeting is a holdover from last year & has a Quiz, a talk by Pete Edwards about Crimes & Misdemeanours in the Fens, a photo display of childhood school & holidays & a buffet. You are requested to bring your photos along & a plate of finger food for the buffet.

MEMBERS EVENING & BUFFET

The March meeting started our 10th Anniversary celebrations & they will continue with planned events for the year.

Chairperson Bridget outlined plans for a garden party, walks around Wisbech & Peterborough & a visit to Burleigh house. She also mentioned our Family History Day on September 17th which we shall try to make special. Kevin Rogers was there to take the names of people wishing to go on the Wisbech walk. We then found that the speaker had failed to show up, so a quick reorganisation of the evening was needed.

There were already many photos of our school days & holidays brought in & displayed by members & they caused quite a bit of amusement –especially seeing members in there ‘cossies’ !

The book stall was manned by Ann Burton.

We then proceeded to the bar & buffet & were soon enjoying good food supplied by members & drinks supplied by the Society. Also of note was a beautiful Anniversary sponge decorated with the Society tree emblem & miniature dolls in clothes of various occupations. This was made by member Ann le Fort, who cut the cake toward the end of the evening.

There was a written quiz & soon people were seen conferring & exchanging ideas as to the answers.

Bridget then asked if anyone would give a short talk on Holidays. Member Maureen Nicholls entertained us with her job as a Wages clerk in a holiday camp with employed many Spanish Staff.

Not understanding Spanish & realising that many of the staff had similar surnames she decided to make life easier for herself by giving each Spanish member of staff his own number starting with ‘numero uno’ this system apparently worked very well. She also mentioned some of the ‘goings on’ that occurred but would not elaborate on them. She also mentioned that staff got bigger meals than the holiday makers.

Bridget spoke of a holiday to the Orkneys where she & Peter arrived by plane which landed in a cow field. They were there to search for family grave stones .Not knowing anyone, they wondered how they would survive the day on a very small island, when the friendly natives appeared, took them in hand, & gave them a memorable time. Bridget said they arrived on the Island alone & left with friends & new found family members waving them off.

The next meeting is on April 28th. Mike Petty will be speaking to us about Fenland Family History on computers

FENLAND FAMILY HISTORY ON COMPUTERS

At the beginning of our April meeting Mike Petty picked up a book - The Victoria County History of Cambridge & asked a large audience if anyone possessed this book. Needless to say no one had & this led Mike to ask how many of us had computers & the internet & most of the audience put their hands up, so without more ado Mike told us that we do have this book via our computers & this was the basis of his very informative talk.

Mike told how he visited Cambridge public library & ‘found a door’ & ‘being nosey‘ he opened it & found a room heavily stocked with books about Cambridgeshire. On further investigation he found the books in no specific order & it soon became obvious to him that the books hadn’t been touched for years.

Employed as a librarian Mike took it upon himself to read many of the books & found out so much that it became his ‘life’s work’. He then went on to demonstrate that virtually any book can be read on our computers, as can old newspapers, parliamentary documents, maps & much more.

He told how he can access special books through particular sites such as the Cambridgeshire University Library, but all who had a local library card could also get connected.

Mike, who is a lecturer, writer, broadcaster & an historian gave us so much information that we were pleased to see that he had produced a comprehensive list of many sites available to us.

In his light-hearted way of presenting the information we found we had had a most enjoyable evening & Mike answered questions whilst light refreshments were served.

Our may Speaker Is Peter Wadlow, Church Warden of Walsoken Church who will speak on a Wedding, a Funeral & a Bazaar held at the church in times past.

WALSOKEN CHURCH. A WEDDING, A BAZAAR & A FUNERAL - 19TH CENTURY EVENTS

The speaker this month was Peter Wadlow, who has been the Church Warden at Walsoken Church for the past 30 years, as well as being a teacher for 40 years.

Peter was born in Walsoken, and through his work as a Church Warden has become fascinated by registers, and what they tell us about the lives of people in earlier centuries.

As there are registers dating back from 1558 to 2011 in the Church, he has plenty of scope to keep his interest alive.

The three topics which Peter chose to illustrate his talk were a local Bazaar in Wisbech, a Wedding at Walsoken Church, and the Funeral of a local dignitary, also at Walsoken Church.

The Bazaar was to raise funds for the restoration of Walsoken Church, and was held over three days [ Friday 31st December 1858 to Sunday 2nd January 1859 ] in the new Corn Exchange in Wisbech.

Items for sale were collected by the townsfolk, and a band was to provide entertainment during the weekend of the sale. The centre-piece was a wedding cake with a gold ring hidden inside for the lucky winner. The Mayor donated a quantity of coal, which was purchased by the Vicar and distributed amongst the poor. There was also a private donation of £500 from the Vicar and a local Ship owner.

It would appear that the Vicar had dug deeply into his own pocket to swell the funds.

The wedding of Miss Fanny Jackson of Walsoken House, to Rev. John Charles Molineaux took place in April 1878 . Miss Jackson was a Sunday School Teacher at the Church, and on the day before her wedding was presented with an inscribed Teapot from the children of the Sunday School. The Wedding on the Tuesday saw the bride, attired in her white wedding dress, walk to the Church through an archway of evergreen at the gate. The only floral decorations in the church were the Alter flowers, and hymn 212, ‘The voice that breathed o’er Eden, was sung.

As the happy couple left on their wedding tour they were ‘showered with shoes’, a tradition of those times.

The funeral was that of Richard Youngs of Wisbech, a ship owner, farmer and M.P. for Cambridgeshire, a real rags to riches personality, who died aged 63 years.

As the Victorians had a great fascination with death the funeral of a local dignitary was a big event in Wisbech.

The funeral procession from Osborn House, the home of the deceased, to the Church included Mutes for the funeral dressed in black with faces painted white, Police , Oddfellows, Clergy, Ministers of the town, the Mayor and Corporation, then 6 mourning coaches. This was an all male occasion as women were not expected to attend such affairs in those days. The route was lined with 10,000 people.

Peter mentioned that members of Richard Youngs family are still in active contact with the Church to the present day.

Garden Party as part of our 10th Anniversary Celebrations

The Fenland Family History Society’s June meeting took the form of a Garden Party as part of our 10th Anniversary Celebrations. The event was held at the Octavia Hill Museum, in Wisbech, and nearly 40 members attended, including a couple from Ireland. After a talk by Peter Clayton, of the Octavia Hill Museum, giving a brief history of Octavia and her work in Wisbech and other parts of the country, the members were able to explore the museum, before gathering in the Tea Room and Garden for refreshments of scones with jam and cream, followed by strawberries and cream and Pimms or Elderflower Wine, all provided by the committee.

The Mayor and Mayoress of Wisbech (both members of the F F H S ) were in attendance along with the Mayor’s Beadle. The Mayor spoke of the work of the Society and wished them well for the next decade.

Many members came in costume depicting the occupations of their Ancestors and these outfits included a Crinoline, a Milkmaid, a School Teacher, a Governess, a Shepherd, a Farmer and a Train Driver.

The weather was warm, so the gardens could be used to full advantage by the members, and a very enjoyable evening was had by all.

The next meeting on July 28th will be a talk by Tom Doig, our very first Speaker, whom we welcome back to tell us about ‘Births and Baptisms in the 1800’s. Tom is an Author and Researcher of Local, Social and Family History, and we look forward to his talk with interest.

Birth & Baptisms in the 1800's

Tom Doig gave his usual informative and amusing talk on the chosen topic of “Births and Baptisms in the 1800’s” with particular reference to the ‘Ag. Labs’, as he thought most of the audience would have some in their background. The broad coverage of the subject made particular reference to the events nine months preceding the birth, the calling of the banns, the marriage, the 4 week lying in period, the eventual birth and later churching of the mother and finally the baptism of the child. Tom detailed the various stages from banns to baptisms with many amusing anecdotes along the way, proving that there is nothing new under the sun, in so far as every day life is concerned !!

In 1732 and ancient author wrote: “ The principle causes of matrimony are these two: Increase of children; and Avoiding fornication and of uncleanliness.” Has it worked!!

In the 1800’s there was no stigma attached to a very pregnant bride being joined in holy matrimony to her, sometimes reluctant, groom. Even the parents liked to know that their intended daughter-in-law was fertile, and able to produce a future generation to help care for them in their old age. Some times there was barely time after the wedding for the obligatory 4 week lying-in period, and occasionally more than one pregnancy might take place before the banns were called, or even a baptism take place. If a child was not baptised until after the marriage of the parents, it could not be listed as a ‘bastard’ in the church records, although the vicar might list the actual date of the birth in the margin of the records,[ for the use of future generations doing ‘Family History Research’!! ]

Banns needed to called on three consecutive Sundays, after the church service, and recorded in a formal register. It was not the task of the vicar to call the banns, this was undertaken by the Parish Clerk.

If there was a break in the calling of the banns, it was believed that some misfortune might befall the child, causing it to be an idiot or imbecile. After the third calling of the banns the groom would leave the church to claim his bride who would be waiting outside, [women were not allowed to hear the calling of their banns] as to all intents and purpose they were married [a secular marriage] or ‘over the brush’, and a church marriage need not necessarily take place, but usually the marriage took place the following week.

Four weeks before the baby was due the ‘monthly nurse’ arrived to oversee the confinement, but she did not attend the birthing, the mid-wife attended to that procedure. It was the job of the monthly nurse to see that the mother-to-be remained in bed and in good condition for the birth. To prevent thrombosis, leeches were applied to the patient’s legs. Should the mother die during the confinement it was listed as ‘dying in childbed’, and if she died during the birth it was classed as ‘dying in childbirth’.

The new mother was not supposed to go into society until she had been ‘churched’ or ‘cleansed’, after which she could resume normal life in the community.

The baptism could take place at any time convenient to the parents, unless the child was sickly, in which case the baptism might be performed privately at home in case the child died suddenly. At times the vicar would encourage all parents of new babies to have their children baptised en-mass, prior to the inspection of the Church Records by the local bishop.

The next meeting of the Fenland Family History Society is on Thursday 22nd September which is the A.G.M. and the speaker will be our President, Rev. Canon Wim Zwalf.

Prior to that date there will be the Family History Day on Saturday 17th September, at St Peter’s Church Hall. Doors open at 10:00 a.m.

AGM followed by "Don’t let the Bastards get you down!!"

A.G.M. notes are available here in .pdf format.

AGM Minutes	Secretary's Report

The speaker for the evening was our own President, Wim Zwalf, and the chosen subject was “Don’t let the Bastards get you down!!”

Wim began with the information that the first mention of Bastard was in the Book of Kings in the Bible, so it is not a new invention. Indeed, some very illustrious people have been Bastards, such as William the Conqueror or William the Bastard as he was know in his homeland. Not to mention the many Royal Bastards who have cropped up in history down the years.

About 3% of the population were thought to be bastards at one time and the average would have been higher but for the ‘Shot-Gun Marriages’ of the earlier centuries.

In the 17th Century there was a population explosion, and between 1820 and 1860 was recorded the highest number of illegitimate births.

Some of these were ‘hidden’ from the public eye, by the simple act of not baptising the child until the parents had married, as the child would not then be classed as base born, illegitimate or a bastard in the Church Records, as was usually the fate of any child of an unmarried woman.

A German saying, amongst the many quotes by Wim, “Every child has at least 1 father” !!

Wim interspersed his talk with comments on how he had traced the ‘unknown/undisclosed’ history of an elderly female relation, who would probably have been mortified if she had known what he managed to unearth!! However, we must all have found a few skeletons in our Family History cupboards, so she may not be alone in having her secrets revealed.

When looking for information about possible members of a family whether base born or legitimate, always check the original records. Many a Vicar has written revealing notes in the margin of his Church Records, including the actual date of birth of a child, which when compared with the marriage records of the parents can be quite illuminating.

It is also very helpful when several children of the same family are baptised at the same time, if only to prove that the poor woman had not produced 6 children in one birth!!

One telling comment which I found in a Church Marriage Record, “ the groom absconded the following day”. One wonders why!!

Check unusual names, they can often give clues about the parentage of an illegitimate child, especially when checked against the census returns, and the neighbouring families !!

Check and check again, and use some lateral thinking. A child baptised as William James Gibson Howsdon , with no father mentioned, was eventually believed to be the son of James Gibson, who lived a few doors away from the unmarried Howsdon mother, both similar age, but not married at the time.

Court Records can be a useful source of information, giving details of bastards, and charges made on men cited as the father of bastards.

Church Warden’s Accounts are also very useful, as they may give details of maintenance charges, or payments to unmarried mothers.

As usual Wim gave a very informative and amusing talk. As on listener commented “We should have taped it”. Yes, we probably should have done just that.

The Fulborn Asylum Cambridge

The Speaker this month was David Edwards, and his chosen topic was ‘Lunatic Asylums’, based on the County Pauper Lunatic Asylum for Cambridgeshire, opened in 1858, but more recently known as Fulborn Hospital. David divided his talk into two sections, talking firstly about the various forms of information available about the residents of the Asylum, and how they might be useful in tracing missing persons from a family tree, and secondly about the origins of Fulborn Hospital, its growth and final fate.

It is necessary to see the actual records of an Asylum to trace anyone who might have been a patient, Census returns are of no help in this case as they were only allowed to print the initials of patients to protect their privacy. Workhouse details on census returns were much fuller, but few actual records have survived, whereas Asylum records, including Reception orders; Deaths, Removals and Discharge Orders etc have survived in greater numbers and can provide a great deal of information about the individuals. The very latest records before Asylums closed included a photo of each patient with their notes.

David had been trying to locate a married woman with children, who had suddenly disappeared from the census returns. She had married in 1849 and was in the 1851 Census with husband & 1 child, 1861 + 5 children, by 1868 there were 9 children + 1 dead, but by 1871 only husband and 3 eldest children, 1881 husband but no wife or children, 1891 husband was listed as a widower.

Further research revealed that three of the younger children were in the Doddington Workhouse, but still no mother to be found.

It was quite by chance that he discovered the missing woman listed in the records of Fulborn Hospital, she had been admitted there on 5th November 1869 and she died there at the age of 82.

The three main classifications of patients in a Asylum are: Imbecile [late life loss of memory etc.]; Lunatic [loss of reason, partially at times]; Idiot [ congenital mental deficiency].

Death records gave full details of cause; post mortem results [necessary in all cases] : where buried e.g. Asylum cemetery, family church, or Cambridge University Anatomy.

Families had to claim bodies within 48 hours or bodies were either buried in Asylum Cemetery or sent to Cambridge for Anatomy research. Research bodies were buried 2 to 6 months after death.

The history of the County Pauper Lunatic Asylum for Cambridgeshire: 1845: The County Asylum Act . 1848: Committee of Visitors formed [Board of the Asylum]. 1850: Site purchased, and plan & costing by Mr Kendal of London [£25,000. too expensive].

1854: New plans by Fowler Jones of York [£ 40,000.] 1856 foundation stone laid by Earl of Hardwick. 1858: Opened on 2nd November 1858 . Fifty local patients transferred in from other Asylums.

The original limit was 300 patients, but as demand for places increased further separate wings were added for male and female occupants. The Asylum was originally intended for Cambridgeshire members only, but soon places were contracted for other counties and also for ‘private’ patients [ non-paupers].

To-day Fulborn is back to its original size, and is a business park. The cemetery is marked by a metal plate only. Most Asylums closed in the 1980’s .

David suggested the ‘Story of Mental Hospitals’ by David Clarke as a useful book to read. It can be found on line.

THE PRINCESS ALICE DISASTER: A TALK BY MAUREEN NICHOLLS & MAURICE AMPS

Our well attended January meeting heard from Maureen how a disaster, which happened in 1878, led her into Family History research.

Whilst watching a TV programme on the sinking of the Lucitania by a German torpedo & hearing about all those who drowned, the casual remark made by Maureen’s mother that Aunt Mary drowned made Maureen question her mum - had Aunt Mary drowned when the Lucitania went down. Mother’s answer was ‘No- she drowned in the Thames’.
With no more information forthcoming Maureen became intrigued with Aunt Mary & after asking around was told she could get information from the newspapers of the time.

Living in London made access to the Newspaper Library easy on her days off.

Diligent searching of many papers produced the story with hand drawn pictures of the event.

A collision occurred between the passenger boat The Princess Alice returning from Sheerness & the coal carrier Bywell Castle coming from the dry dock after repairs & repainting, on the sultry evening of 3rd September 1878 on the river Thames, on a bend where the north & south sewage outfalls fell into the river. Over 600 people were drowned despite small boats going to the rescue.

Many people couldn’t swim & most were dragged down into the putrid water by their heavy clothing.

Maureens’s search showed that her great Aunt Mary Ball had drowned & also that she had been in the company of a married man, a licensed victualler! The story goes that Mary, who was in service, & being off duty wore her hair free & long & that her man friend seeing a lady in the water thought it was Mary & grasped her long hair & dragged her ashore only to find that it wasn’t Mary he had saved!

He must have given information about Mary so that perhaps her employers were informed & hence her mother Bridget Ball identified her daughter body.

Procedures were followed to inform relatives of the named passengers.

Maureen told her mother what she had found out & that Bridget was Mary’s mother –Mum’s quick answer was ‘yes & Robert was her father’ which as Maureen said was the first lesson she learned when researching family history - that you should question family members very carefully & get as much information as possible from them.

Maurice interspersed Maureen’s talk with the technical details of both vessels & the inquest.

A Mr Carttar was the coroner & the hearing lasted over a month. Over 600 people drowned & the cost of the inquest was £4621 16s 6d.

Criticisms were made of both captains. The Alice’s captain went down with his ship with his wife & children.

As there were no ‘rules of the river ‘in those days the outcome of this incident brought about changes in that ships now pass each other ‘port to port’ amongst other rulings.

It was also stated that the Alice was probably overloaded. It was known that the Bywell had a pilot on board but that the collision occurred because both captains thought they were steering away from each other when in fact the opposite happened.

Maureen’s talk could have very dismal but she cleverly lightened it by anecdotes & stories of her family which she said were ‘ stories for another day’!

There were many photos & copies of the newspapers for us to look at whilst we enjoyed refreshments & there is a very good web site about this incident.

Our February speaker is Susanah Farmer whose talk is on ‘Pig Clubs’- another way of researching family history!

PIGS CLUBS

Susanah Farmer was our speaker for the February meeting & began by telling of her students days which led her into studying local history & eventually her family history, Susananh also has a love of pigs to the extent that she rears her own!

As she explained, when one starts a project it invariably leads to other avenues & as part of local history she became aware that in days past most families kept a pig at the bottom of the garden or on their allotments to supplement their food supplies especially during hard times such as the war.

The powers that be realised that such practices would continue so they encouraged the formation of Pig Clubs which started around 1880 to buy, feed & look after pigs.
Pigs Clubs were established as self help groups, had minutes recorded & members lists – a source of names for family history & fees paid which helped members out in lean times.

Pigs were known to eat anything & everything from scraps from the table to the waste products from such places as breweries & dairies & returned the same as manure.

The government created inspectors & documents & plans such as IR 58’s show that not only did they inspect the pigs & their environ but also described how peoples’ houses were built & the number of rooms they had & where the pigs & poultry were kept.

The clubs were also a way for the hierarchy to have some social control over the populace- ‘give them something to do & keep them out of trouble’ & people were encouraged to become self sufficient.

We were shown many documents of historical & social value & told of ways to research Pig & Cow clubs for lists of members & as an insight to social history which could enhance our knowledge of our own families .

Susanah told how the slaughter of the family pig was always an occasion, if somewhat sad perhaps for the children, but the end products fed the family, even if the pig had become a pet & that every part of the pig was used – except the squeal.

There were several books available to peruse, one of which was Mrs Beaton’s recipes for pork products.

The talk ended with members recalling their own family pig keeping.

Our March meeting is the Club Night when members show how they have recorded their Family History & to exchange help & advice with lap tops fiche & readers & CD’s available.

Members help & share evening

Members & visitors joined together for our March meeting to share knowledge on the various ways to research family history.

Fiche readers, laptops. printers & all the society’s fiche & CD’s were made available to all.

We were encouraged to show our own methods of research & to exchange ideas.

Groups were seen discussing various topics & display boards showed completed works & those still in progress.

Personal familiar histories were on display & many information forms were available as were the Society MI registers & library.

Bernard Amps gave a demonstration of one way of getting family history onto the computer.

The Society also had a display & information table, manned by members, at the National Trust Peckover House Wisbech the following weekend.

The April meeting is with Mac Marborough who will talk about his RAF WW2 experiences.

World War 2 Stories

Posters of WW2 & many photos & newspaper cuttings were displayed & set the scene for our members & guests at our April meeting, when Mac Narborough recounted his WW2 memories.

Mac told us he was born in Southampton above a shoe shop & came to Wisbech where Narborough’s shoe shop & chiropody service has been, in Norfolk Street for many years.

He remembers the threat of war approaching & being sent on his cycle to all the grocers’ shops in town, even recalling the names, to purchase sugar.

His grandfather was Headmaster at Wisbech school& his family served the community in several ways during the war.

He mentioned the Air Raid Warden Stations in Wisbech & himself being a boy scout & a runner taking messages between the various posts .He spoke of air raid shelters & evacuation procedures which were practised on a regular basis. Of being on fire watch duties on top of a large shop roof armed with a stirrup pump & bucket of water.

Mac spoke of the local Home Guard formed to support the regular army & how the home guard had only arm bands for recognition & farmyard tools for defence.

He joined the RAF & told of his skiing training in Norway & his training days & of his comrades many of them were old school friends, two of whom still survive.

Facts, figures & names were mentioned by Mac proving that he has a remarkable memory. An enjoyable evening, when the audience were invited to ask questions & tell their own WW2 stories & look at the displays.

Our May meeting will see Alison Sloane speaking of old Fenland recipes & diet with tastings of some of the recipes.

Fenland Food & Recipes

ALISON SLOAN now a teacher at the local Grammar School, gave members & quests a gastronomic delight for our May meeting.

She commenced her talk by telling us how she became obsessed with the history of food.

She gained her Masters in Social History with food being the predominant feature.

After having worked for various commercial companies she then became catering manager at National Trust properties & this lead her into investigating what people ate from Tudor times onwards . The NT properties at Oxburgh House King’s Lynn & Peckover House Wisbech had records of food produced & cooked & inventories of kitchen equipment.

Alison was not too impressed with the food offered to present day NT visitors so decided to research old recipes & reproduce them for the National Trust menu & this proved very successful.

Speaking of what was available from the local land & rivers Alison explained how, with imports of spices, wine & fruit & later molasses, food remained basic but nutritional, although it didn’t stop the working classes trying to eat as their lords & masters -an example quoted was that of fine white bread eaten by the lords, instead of the more wholesome whole grain bread which in poorer times was made of ground peas & beans.

Alison noted the meals taken by a Parson Woodford & that the amount of one of his daily three meals would be sufficient for several meals for us today, & although there were several courses the food was often meat & fish mixed with fruit & spices for each course.

The local well known farmer John Peck also made notes in his diary of food consumed & he noted that the potato which was originally thought only good enough for animal fodder in the mid 1800’s was being offered to humans in a baked form at the local fair & market which he thought ‘was very peculiar’

Alison continued her talk by making a trifle from a Peckover House recipe book which contained a good amount of brandy! The audience then had great pleasure in sampling this & many other dishes Alison had brought with her, these being herring & fruit pie, Fourses cake, lardy cake. Carroway cake, ginger bread, & Norfolk Vinegar cake.

To make the evening more special we were able to celebrate the 85th birthday of our member Bernard Amps, well known in the area for his knowledge of family history & research. He was presented with a card & birthday cake made by member Ann le Fort& he was seen having a good sample of the brandy trifle!

Something you probably didn’t know...

When the molasses barrels were emptied the poor people would scrape them out to get the remnants – hence the saying –scraping the bottom of the barrel !!

You learn something every day .. now what’s in the deep freezer for lunch!

June meeting Visit to Sutton St.Edmunds Church

The North Brink Wisbech is undergoing work to the river banks which are being made higher & strengthened. This made access to the Quaker Meeting House Wisbech virtually impossible, so the venue for our June out & about meeting was changed from the Quaker meeting house to Sutton St. Edmunds Church Lincs.

On a very pleasant & warm evening about 35 members & guests were greeted by the church warden to the very pretty & small church of Sutton St. Edmunds & she gave us a short history & the many repairs that had taken place over the decades, whilst we sat in the box pews.

This grade 2 listed building was first built with straw, burned down & completely rebuilt in 1795 in brick & stone at a cost of £1200 financed from Queen Ann’s Bounty.

The organ, choir stalls & pulpit have been obtained over the years, from various other churches & there remains the original brass chandelier holding candles which is still lit for Christmas.

There is a lantern tower topped by the cupola housing one bell. The bell is 25½ inches in diameter & inscribed ‘Thomas Osborn founder Downham Norfolk 1801’

The magnificent stained glass east window shows the Ascension & is a gift from a Miss Whitsed in memory of her brother Isaac. There are 3 beautiful stained glass windows in the south wall two of which are memorials to a past vicar’s parents.

Several members enhanced their family history with what they found in the registers which had been made available & the younger & healthier of us climbed the stairs to the gallery & into the tower.

We were refreshed by coffee tea & biscuits & several people strolled around the graveyard finding the small gravestone which has a preservation order on it. We thInk we managed to decipher the words which said 1 AUG.1660. The Burma Star memorial garden was also appreciated.

Our next meeting in July is about Wisbech Anniversaries & the speaker is the ever popular Andrew Ingram.

WISBECH ANNIVERSARIES

Guests and members met for our July meeting to listen to one of our favourite speakers, Andrew Ingram with his slides of various venues. His talk was about Anniversaries of important events for Wisbech.

We were told that a theatre was erected in Wisbech in 1793 and through time has been a school, a boxing venue and a library and had fallen into disrepair but renovated and known today as the Angles Theatre. Wisbech was lit by gas in 1832 and the Leverington road cemetery was laid out in 1835.

160 years ago the first bank was opened, as was the Barton school for boys who were boarders. This school had the luxury of a swimming pool. Wisbech got its first public swimming pool in 1910, situated at Crab Marsh. The fire station was established in Hill Street in 1900.

Octavia Hill, the founder of the National Trust was born in South Brink in 1838 and the house is now a Museum celebrating her life. 145 years ago fresh water was first brought to Wisbech. For many years water had been used from the Wisbech canal and river for drinking, etc., causing outbreaks of Cholera in 1832 and 1849.

The Wisbech canal was closed at the lock junction with the river in 1930 and the railway arrived in 1847. The Wisbech Museum was started up in rented rooms 125 years ago and later moved to a purpose built establishment in Museum Square. The first local paper was produced in 1845, and the first electric cinema was built 100 years ago and bombed during World War 2 in1945.

In 1880 a memorial was erected near the river, to Thomas Clarkson, a local man who with his friend established through parliament, the Abolition of Slavery.

We were fascinated by Andrew’s knowledge and the dates he remembered and the several places mentioned were remembered by the audience.

Our September meeting is the AGM followed by a talk by Brian Jones on the Religious Houses of Lincolnshire.

On September 18th we will be holding our Family History Day when visiting Societies will, with ourselves be available to help with research etc.

There will also be a World War 2 display with, amongst other things, a showing of the food rationing for an adult for one week.

WELLINGTON’S ARMY

At our October meeting Geoff Lee gave an illustrated talk on the Duke of Wellington & his rise to fame.

He was, with his contemporary Nelson, known as the hero of the day.

Born as Arthur Wellesley the 4th son, on the first of May 1769 in Dublin he was schooled at Eton & then went to the French Military academy. As an ensign with great ability, he worked hard & bought his way up through the ranks. He became MP for Ireland.

He was made Lt. Colonel of the 33rd Foot regiment & fought in the Netherlands & India

He was a Field Marshall & in 1809 commanded the Peninsula war. He was created Count Wellington.

In 1813 he was Field Marshall to the Horse Guards & was knighted the Duke of Wellington in 1814.

He was made custodian of Walmer Castle & Warden of the Cinque Ports.

We heard of the many Battles he commanded many of which only lasting one day as did the Battle of Waterloo & through slides & photos saw many of the Army’s battle plans & the scenes of war which we were interested to hear were not drawn on the battlefield but by what was described to the artist later.

We saw how regiments were identified by the uniforms they wore & the colour of such items as the facings, collar & cuff. We heard gruesome details of hand to hand fighting, square & line defence systems & the long treks on foot by the army to reach their destination of the next battle.

We were then given helpful & interesting details on how such things as Muster rolls, Medal rolls & other documents & museums that could help us in our family history research. If you have an unexplainable gap in your family history especially long gaps between the birth of children it could be your man was in Wellington’s Army!

Our next meeting is on December 2nd a change from the original date in November.

It is our Social evening with Displays of Photos on Childhood Holidays, a quiz & a talk by Pete Edwards on Crimes & Misdemeanours & a wine buffet

FENLAND FAMILIES

The speaker for our well - attended January meeting was Rex Sly, an ex RAF pilot & farmer and now author.

His interest in fenland families began with his own research tracing his family back to the 1600’s.

The family were tenant farmers in Thorney & moved in the 1700’s to Gedney Hill & Spalding. His three times Gt grandfather was a bargee & the rest of the family have moved no further than 10 –15 miles in the last 400 years.

Rex’s first book ‘The Punt & The Plough’ told of life in the Fens & his 2nd book ‘Fenland Families’ told of the trades, business, & professions of the families covering three generations.

Well known family businesses such as Hopper the instrument makers & Franks (originally of German extraction) who were horse dealers & are now well known for their pork butcher shops in Wisbech & elsewhere, Layton’s the dry cleaners & Ladbrooke’s the ice cream makers of Spalding.

Most families had relatives in both WW1& WW2, & it was only the resilience and loyalty of the staff not called up to war that these families were able to continue their businesses. We saw a picture of the WW1 record, written on silk material that belonged to a member of the Goodwin family who were fishermen. Other families mentioned were the Bagleys, tippers & trimmers of coal, the Adam family who were urinal makers, Barnes the undertakers, a family going strong today. In Wisbech the Gibbs family, well known for their shoe shops & today still carried on by the daughter, as is Elgoods Brewery.

The Strickland family worked at Crowland Abbey & Johnson’s were shoe repairers of Holbeach.

Rex told an interesting story of a baker in Spalding who even today bakes bread in the old fashioned coke fuel steam ovens & who was eagerly sort after during a bread strike by the big commercial firms, when queues formed outside his shop to buy his bread.

Rex spoke of new families coming into Fenland who do not follow the traditional trades, but thankfully there are still Fenland Families in the true sense of the word.

Our well - attended February meeting heard Geoffrey Lee tell how he found out, through an Uncle that they had a ‘Gypsy in the Family’ & with the aid of slides we were shown Geoff’s family tree.

We heard how the gypsies came from Pakistan & the surrounding area & spread throughout the world, first landing in Scotland in 1505. The people were of dark complexion and were for some reason referred to as Egyptians. They arrived in England in 1514.

Several Acts of Parliament were passed which made their lives difficult & in 1530 they were banned from entering England & were given 16 days to depart. In 1554 they were threatened with the death penalty if they stayed more than one month, & often accused of being ‘counterfeit Egyptians’ dirty, mischievous, vagabonds & rogues.

The Settlement Act of 1662 meant that the parish had to keep the gypsies. To make sure they ‘belonged’ to the parish, the gypsies had their children baptised in the parish, contracted marriages, & held funerals in church.

The Licensing Act 1697 made life no easier, because they employed themselves as hawkers, peddlers & tin - smiths they had to pay the fee of £4 per annum.

In 1874 children were forcibly taken from their parents & transported.

It was believed that because of their dark skin they were dirty, therefore neglected & inadequately fed & lacked education. This state of affairs lasted up until WW1.

The Holocaust saw Jews, Romany gypsies sent to death camps .

Geoffrey went on to display & talk about their living tents & caravans & how they improved over time, their names, & how they adopted the local names, their various occupations, their strict code of living, their food, their medicines & the skills of bare knuckle boxing, their taboos & wedding ceremonies & their knowledge of horses.

We then heard of several famous people who had gypsy origins such as Django Reinhart the guitarist. Davis Essex the singer, whose mother was a gypsy, himself now Patron of the Gypsy Council, Jack Cooper the boxer & Michael Caine the actor.

This fascinating talk was well received & questions were asked whilst refreshments were served.

The speaker for our first meeting for 2008 was Robert Bell from the Wisbech Museum. Many of our members have already used the museum to look up the local Parish Registers for their family B. M.D’s, and Robert was able to tell us what else was available.

There were many early maps on display, of Wisbech & the surrounding areas, which in some cases also showed who owned the land. Books such as Council Minutes, sanitation inspector’s reports, early Kellys trade directories & old newspapers were also shown as were copies of Bastardy orders settlements & removal papers, old sale notices & much more to help us to fill in our family history.

Robert said that the museum is hoping to get an online catalogue of what is available at the museum in the future but advised that if anyone wanted to look at large documents, an appointment needs to be made to enable the museum staff to allocate adequate space.

After a question & answer session, the donation of the 100-year-old wedding dress, first seen at our ‘Weddings evening’ in November, was made to the Museum. The 23-year-old bride was Edith Letitia Spanton of Cambridge, daughter of Emery Spanton a Baptist Minister & her groom also 23 years was John Dickens Groome, son of Charles Groome, a farmer in Wellingborough, Northants. The wedding took place in the September quarter of 1903 in Cambridge. J.R. Glass. Milliner Draper & Ladies Outfitter of Wisbech supplied the material for the bride’s gown & was made locally.

Mentioned also were the generous donations made to the Society by members, Barbara Bullen, of stationary items, Kevin Rogers for his work on the MI’s at the Octagon Church cemetery Wisbech & Heather Stanbury’s gift of CD’s.

Peter Carter, our speaker for the February meeting told of his family going back to the 1500s. This true Fenland family has been mentioned in five books & the skills have been passed down through his family.

Attired in his working clothes Peter fascinated his audience with his knowledge of the country - side. He described the life cycle of eels & how they were caught using wicker traps & special eel forks, & explained how their numbers were diminishing partly due to the large catches made at sea preventing the eels coming into local waters for breeding.

With the aid of a computer pictures we saw different types of punt gun & how they were used to shoot duck, & Peter described the careful approach used in a punt in the early mornings to catch duck as they settled on the marshes.

We then heard how poaching in the past was carried out, always illegal, but if carried out during the daytime & the poacher got caught he was sent to prison, but if caught night poaching then this was a hanging offence! It was presumed that the daytime poaching took place ‘by chance’ but that poaching at night was pre- planned. Peter pointed out that birds & animals were always killed for food & never for fun.

Peter is responsible for willow beds & described the growing & coppicing to maintain their usefulness in providing willow for traps & baskets for the long term.

The Woodland Trust also provides work for Peter as he makes fences & does hedge laying which he much prefers, to the practice of flaying hedges to reduce their height.

Peter also visits schools & instructs the children on the use of willow & how they should treat the Countryside, and his ‘claim to fame’ when he met & spoke to the Queen at the Welney Wild Life Association.

We saw a few artefacts & Peter answered questions, especially on how to trap moles, for the rest of the evening whilst we enjoyed light refreshments.

CHILDHOOD MEMORIES

Members recalling their childhood memories took us back in time for our March meeting.. The stories ranged from the war - time, air raid shelters, ration books & the value of the sweet coupons, searchlights & the food that was available, to the games children played. We were told of children, in one case a 14yr old boy, being in charge of a horse & loaded cart that was being taken through town, and having time off school to help gather the wheat & potato harvests (no health & safety in those days)

Mentioned also was the discipline that was the rule rather than the exception, which in retrospect was usually fair & certainly did no harm.

The games we played, even to sliding down a pigsty roof & the bicycle rides & ball games.

The first TV programmes for kids such as the Wooden Tops & Bill & Ben. The radio was important not only for the news but for programmes such Uncle Mack & his way of ending his programme with ‘goodnight children –everywhere’. The Billy Cotton Band show & Workers Playtime with its catchy songs, and Dick Barton –special agent.

Holidays by the seaside, leisure time, liquorice straws & gob stoppers, fruit picking, school time, & friends to share adventures with - all had a mention.

From this evening the memories proved that family, friends, freedom & fearlessness was the order of the day, with common sense prevailing even to learning some of life’s lessons the hard way.

One could wonder today if our children are missing out on such a lot …..

FUNNY BLOOD - a family disease

Ann Simmons’s reason for investigating her family history was medical. At out April meeting Ann, a retired State Registered Nurse, spoke of the ‘funny blood’ disease which afflicted her immediate family & told us how the symptoms presented with pallor, tiredness & a general feeling of being unwell. One member of her family was seen to have ‘white ears’. Ann, being advised that the condition was probably hereditary & with her medical knowledge, decided to try & find out through which part of the family the disease came.

Her search, as with all family historians, began by finding her forefathers. Aided with many beautiful family photographs, hoarded by her Aunt Miriam & interspersed with paintings by Ann’s artistic father, she traced the past family members who had had various medical conditions such as anaemia, renal failure & leukaemia. A diagnosis of a ‘malfunction of the spleen’ (splenic anaemia) was made because the red blood cells became spherical instead of the normal convex shape & the patients were ‘cured’ by blood transfusions & eventually the removal of the spleen. It was often found that a personal stress situation was experienced before the disease became apparent & not all members of the same family suffered the disease.

A vast amount of research proved, with the aid of death certificates that many of her past family had peculiar illnesses, which today would be associated with Sphero-cytosis, Modern medical thinking is that the bone marrow is responsible for the condition rather than the spleen & treated with drugs. The operation, for this disease, is rarely carried out today. We learned that Ann herself has had a splenectomy & many transfusions whilst working as a nurse & now enjoys good health.

Her talk was very knowledgeable & eloquently presented & Ann answered many questions.

LIFE ON THE LINCOLNSHIRE SALT MARSHES

‘Queen of the salt marsh’ is another name for June Barton, for one could not meet a more dedicated & enthusiastic person when it comes to the flora & fauna & taking care of the salt marshes. She was born one mile from Kirton Marsh to farming parents & at six weeks old was taken to the marsh when her father went to harvest Samphire. Her knowledge is such that none have been able to ask a question about the marsh that she could not answer. She is now well known & can be heard on the local radio & has been interviewed for BBC TV programmes. She likes to meet people but says she is just as happy being alone on a 1000 acres of marsh watching birds in flight.

June explained that a salt marsh is an area covered by water twice a day & explained about spring & neap tides, how the creeks can alter course over time & how it can be a dangerous place because of quick sand & the tidal actions. She can also weather forecast by observing nature’s signs.

Her fame spread when she claimed commoner’s rights & succeeded, to harvest Samphire, also known as poor mans asparagus, which the local council wanted to stop. June explained that the correct way to harvest Samphire properly was by cutting & not by pulling up by the roots. She pointed out that the collection should be done by the locals & not turned into a commercial project.

During her life June has been a local government officer amongst other occupations, & her opinion is called for when decisions need to be made about her beloved environ. Her talk was fascinating & was interspersed with amusing anecdotes.

June showed us videos of some of her TV broadcasts & then answered questions, one of which was about her thoughts on wind farms. As much as she dislikes them June said she thinks eventually the coast line will have several & that we have to be prepared to look forward even if the outlook is not as favourable as we would like.

An enlightening evening in the company of a lady whose life is the Lincolnshire Salt Marshes.

ST. MATTHEW’S CHURCH. SUTTON BRIDGE

The Reverend Woods greeted us when the Society held it’s June meeting at St. Matthews Church.

The village of Sutton Bridge came into existence shortly before the Church which was built of Suffolk flint with stone dressings in the Early English style.

The trustees of Guys hospital bought an estate as an investment, which covered most of the Sutton Bridge area.

William Skelton became steward of the estate & was responsible for improved drainage, the building of roads & planting trees.

Thomas Guy, who is remembered for the founding of Guys Hospital, was a bookseller in London who made a fortune selling Bibles in Holland & was a contractor for printing Bibles in Oxford, and it is he who was mainly responsible for the founding & building of St Matthew’s Church.

St. Matthew’s was consecrated on 29th August 1843, the first stone being laid on July 28th 1841 by Benjamin Harrison Esq. Treasurer of Guy’s Hospital.

The church consisted of a chancel, nave, north & south porches & a western tower containing a clock & one bell & was of plain design with no stained glass windows, no side chapels, no heating & only candles for lighting.

After a short talk we were able to look round the church & noted the Reredos, which was commissioned in 1961. This caused great concern amongst the churchgoers, as it portrayed a beardless Christ.

We also saw the RAF chapel of St. Michael, which was incorporated into the chapel of St. Philip in 1956, in memory of the men of 8 countries who are laid to rest in the churchyard. A board close by shows the names & country of origin of the fallen men.

The magnificent east window behind the High Altar depicts the Epiphany, Crucifixion and Ascension.

The yellow west window depicts the Millennium & the blue window is to the memory of ‘All who left Sutton Bridge to work abroad from 1840 –2000’.

We were also able to browse the church registers & visit the tower & the Reverend was kept busy answering questions.

THE EAST COAST FLOODS

John Honor, a retired engineer commenced our July meeting by displaying a map showing which parts of eastern England would have been flooded had there been no sea defences at all.

He stated that the sea ‘was everything’ in as much as it can bring prosperity by creating marsh land which can be reclaimed as useful land & destructive when it causes erosion & destroys the coast line.

Ten thousand years ago we were joined to Europe & the four Fenland Rivers were tributaries of the Rhine.

Five thousand years ago we became separated by the sea, from the rest of Europe

The Romans made the first sea defences & changes to the landscape.

Although global warming is of present day concern with the sea levels rising, we were told that there have been dramatic climate changes over thousands of years & John stated that although there is not the immediate predicted catastrophe that is alarming many people, he does agree that great thought & action needs to be put into the building of adequate sea defences now & in the future & by people who understand the sea & rivers.

The east coast floods were caused by a great storm with low air pressure and started over Scotland which then travelled south along the coastline. The low pressure let the sea rise & with force 12 winds led to the east coast floods.

John showed illustrations of sea movements over the decades & pictures of great devastation, whole villages were submerged & there was a great loss of life.

The appreciative audience had many questions to ask especially about building on known flood plains, the answer being that if this is the case it must be acknowledged & the buildings must be made higher than a predicted rise of water level, which is where the specialists come in such as hydrologists whom John stated are few & far between!

AGM & Talk on Picture Postcards by Andrew Ingram

The Society held a very successful Family History Day on Sept 13th2008.

At our monthly meeting the profit from that day was presented as a cheque to our President the Rev. Wim Zwalf, to go towards the cost of the refurbishment of St. Peters church hall where we hold our meetings. The improvements include a new kitchen & toilets, the old kitchen converted to a small meeting room, new windows in the hall & decoration .

These new facilities are much appreciated & greatly enhance our meetings.

After our AGM we were taken on a picture postcard journey from Wisbech to Lowestoft & back. Our speaker was the ever - popular Andrew Ingram who told us that the photographs were taken by Herbert Coates who was born in Skipton in 1883. Herbert was involved in transport during WW1 at the Somme & Ypres. In 1921 he came to Wisbech to set up his picture postcard business after having taken several pictures to sell.

So we ‘travelled’ form the Wisbech Port to Lowestoft via Lynn Rd & the Park where he took a picture of a WW1 tank which was taken by the East Harbour rail track to the park & off loaded onto a ready prepared concrete base. From here we were taken to the village stores at Walpole Highway , to Terrington St. John, to King’s Lynn with the picture of the 3 Bridges & the South Gates at the entrance to the town. There were pictures of boats on the Gt. River Ouse, the Castle at Castle Rising, the Snettisham Woods & the seaside at Gt. Yarmouth. He showed his business was successful by buying a car & showing it in several of his pictures.

But even so Mr. Coates was not above ‘doctoring’ some of his photos, one example given was of the floral clock at Gt. Yarmouth which would appear to have been photographed on three consecutive years- the date having been altered – the equivalent to today’s cut & pasting- but the hotel & the cars in the background remaining exactly the same!

Andrew is collecting the cards all of which have an identifying number & he said that a few negatives are still around. On Mr Coates death the collection was given to the Wisbech Museum where it can be seen today. Andrew was kept busy answering questions at the end of a very enjoyable meeting where several new members were welcomed.

HALLOWEEN & MYTHS

At our November meeting we were entertained with a talk that involved audience participation, the speaker being the ever-popular Brian Jones. He explained that the pagan celebration of ‘Halloween’ had no original date but eventually fell on the Christian date of All Hallows Eve. The churches were often built on pagan sites, as this is where the populace we used to meeting.

At Halloween it was believed that when the sunset below the sky- line it descended into the world of spirits that had gone to hell & on Halloween the spirits came back, possibly as ghosts, for one night to find their earthly dwelling place & fireside. It was a time of danger as witches also practiced witchcraft noisily & could cause evil to human beings. Witches were thought to be able to change their form & become very light, hence having the ability to ride broomsticks, go up & down chimneys & hide in an egg shell. Children were told to turn their empty egg - shell over & make a hole in the bottom to stop a witch from hiding there. Fairies were said to meet in burials grounds on Halloween as this was the only safe place for them because the evil spirits were at large elsewhere.

In the Fens you were advised not to walk alone at night in case you were followed by the devil & should you turn around you would look into his eyes & your soul be lost. You would not hunt or shoot at Halloween in case you harmed a wandering spirit, nor would you tread on your own shadow. Animals were brought into shelter & had a burning twig passed over their backs to ward off disease & evil spirits. A Fenman would protect his house from evil spirits by placing Hawthorne over his door. Pumpkins would be placed outside the door & was supposed to scare away the witches.

The Victorians decided to enliven Halloween & because it was in the autumn when fruit was plentiful, apples & vegetables were used to foretell a young lady about her future. Trying to take a bite from apples hanging from a string, that had identifying marks put on them by the boys, might tell a young girl who her future husband could be and vice versa. Putting apple pips into the grate to see how they burned was another way & baking a dumb cake by mixing eggs flour water without speaking & patting into a flat cake, putting it in the grate overnight would result in cracked crust in which an initial letter of a future husband might be seen. Long apple peelings were thrown over the left shoulder in the hope that it would fall into the shape of an initial letter of your lover, & putting an apple beneath your pillow may cause you to dream of your future. Brain demonstrated other ways that the Victorians celebrated Halloween, with the audience participating & caused much laughter. Today the bobbing for apples is an off-shoot of these actions as is the ‘trick & treat’ which came over from America & to all intents & purposes has now got out of hand.

So just in case…. leave the door open & the fire banked up on Halloween to let the spirits come & go freely, break your egg shells, & don’t go out at night… just in case…

Social evening & speaker

Our November meeting started with the chairperson bringing us up to date with the Society’s activities when suddenly the King of Misrule entered the room very noisily & demanded to know why we had started the proceedings with out his permission. Dressed in the pagan costume the king turned out to be our speaker Brian Jones who explained that in pagan times any festivities would not take place without the King’s permission. Brian explained that the King would have a following of men of his choosing who saw that the rules were obeyed.

Brian went on to explain the many traditions & meanings of the activities around the event of Christmas. He spoke of Stir up day when Christmas puddings were made with the addition of silver coins, rings & thimbles, the history of the recipes for Christmas pudding & sweetmeats that in time became the mince pies of today.

Did you know that if you cut a mince pie in half it was said you would get bad luck for the following year? We were told the proper way to eat a pie was to take the lid off & count the number of currants stuck to the lid, as this told you how many wishes you could make, & that you should eat one mince pie on each of the twelve days of Christmas but that they must all be eaten in twelve different houses.

The Yule log, which should be as long as possible, must be dressed & have spirit poured over it & put into the fire end on to burn over the Christmas festivities & that a small piece of this log was saved to light the next years fire.

The history of hanging stockings up on the mantle piece & the decorations, the history of crackers and first footing had the audience laughing & joining in with Brian’s activities. These led onto the competitions for the evening which were trying to match baby /young child photos to the members who were at the meeting organised by Judy, followed by a Christmas quiz organised by Janet. Prizes were distributed to the winners.

There was a plentiful supply of food from the buffet & beverages supplied by the members & well organised by Barbara Bullen.

All the registers of the monumental inscriptions were available for members & guests to peruse & old photographs were on display.

The C.C.A.N. staff was available to scan any photos for addition to the Cambridgeshire Archives.

An evening full of activities & good cheer ended this year’s meetings. A Happy Christmas & a very good 2009 to you all.

Talks & Social Evening

At our November meeting there were many photos, certificates & wedding memorabilia brought in by the members & shown on our newly acquired display boards. The pride of place was taken by a beautiful wedding dress, headdress & veil worn at a local wedding in 1903. The gown was made in Wisbech. There were also nightgowns & christening robes on display.

There were two speakers.

Mr Smithers of the Cambridgeshire Community Archives Network explained how each community was responsible for collecting & preserving photos on the web site (www.ccan.co.uk), & encouraged anyone who had old photos showing Wisbech & the surrounding area to take them along to the museum. At present, the National Lottery funds this venture but next year will see each community responsible for it’s own funding.

Our president, The Reverend Wym Zwalf, caused much laughter amongst the audience by quoting from amusing wedding speeches & wedding services & receptions that didn’t go according to plan. He mentioned a wedding that took place in Australia. The certificate stated that permission to marry was given by the governor & on further investigation it was found that the bride & groom were convicts who later obtained their release & went on to prosper.

Other members recalled some of their own family weddings.

There was a quiz on weddings & three competitions with prizes for the winners.

To round of the evening there was a splendid buffet & wine table, provided by the members & enjoyed by all.

SOLD, SEPARATED, DIVORCED

Ian Waller’s opened his talk at our October meeting by telling the audience that in the past as many wives as husbands sought to leave or desert their marriages. After 1858 all applications for divorce & wills were heard in London..

In 1927 District registrars were established to hear cases & in 1960 County Courts were able to hear divorce cases. After 1938 all divorce papers were destroyed after 20 years. Indexes can be found at the National Archives & some internet sites.

The Times Newspaper at one time recorded all divorce procedures & Palmers index is another source of information.

It is thought that 20% of marriages were never legal. The bonding of the two parties often only confirmed by ‘jumping the broomstick’ and that if the situation arose when husband/father died or disappeared the family collapsed & became chargeable to the parish.

Judicial separation took three avenues, Nullity, Annulment and Divorce, and were made by Consistency Courts.

Nullity covered situations such as underage marriage without parental consent.

Annulment covered adultery & cruelty & was a form of legal separation that protected the legitimacy of children and the wife’s rights.

Neither party could remarry.

An Act of parliament was necessary for divorce & was extremely expensive.

Private separation occurred by private deed papers when the husband had to provide a trustee for his wife & make provision for his children & included legal safeguards for the wife. This situation was not recognised by the church. Deeds can be searched in the Close Rolls (C54) at the N.A.

Desertion appeared to be the simple solution for a husband especially where there was no property involved. The wife & children became chargeable to the parish, although efforts were made to find the errant husband to make him pay for the upkeep of his family. Neither party was free to remarry & if a marriage did take place it was bigamous & carried a death sentence. Hence it is understandable that when searching for the husband it is worth looking at emigration records!

The sale of a wife caused great amusement amongst the audience as this usually took place on market days.

This action was often noted as a formal record in the market records.

It was done as an auction but often by pre arranged bidding. The cost of the wife being equated with her weight!

There was a symbolic transfer of person, property & responsibility to the buyer.

There was a public display of handing back the wedding ring (if the wife was fortunate to have one) & the payment of the fee.

Ian answered many questions to end the evening.

AGM & Talk - TO SERVE THEM ALL OUR DAYS.

After our AGM our popular speaker Brian Jones talked to us about the working lives of servants, domestic & otherwise.

The employment of servants appears in all census from farm workers, grooms, gardeners & indoor cooks, maids, dressers, butlers, boot boys & general skivvies.

Their work covered 24 hours seven days a week with perhaps a half day off a week.

Family members often filled these posts & we saw that a daughter could be sent to a relative as a maid or nanny. References were always required so it is supposed that relatives could be trusted. Going into service was legally binding for at least a year.

Men & women, boys & girls would also go to Mop Fairs to make themselves available for hiring.

According to census the number of servants increased over the years until the wars, when men went to fight & women filled in the men’s jobs in factories etc, which the women liked as the hours although long were regular & they had more time off with better pay than when in service. This led to a shortage of domestic staff to the extent that people moved into smaller more easily run houses which needed fewer servants & we were shown examples of how one servant’s day was planned to cover all house hold duties plus that of the cook & laundress (thought - surely this is today’s working housewife!)

When the men returned from war they needed the employment, which left the women not wanting to go back to domestic service. Many decided to set up their own little businesses, such as door step cleaners, laundresses & the sort of jobs that the hard pressed domestic servant did not have time for- or would not do! As this type of service was cheaper than employing more full time staff the household would employ these ‘specialist workers’ & as a consequence these women flourished.

Some employers did value their servants & we were shown a Will in which a gentleman is supposed to have left everything he owned to his servants, each to receive what the servant had worked with as part of his job, eg. the cook got all the pots & pans etc. the groom, the horses & tack, the gardener, his tools & vegetables in the garden etc.

We also heard that at one time butlers were paid according to their height & we saw a picture of three tall upstanding butlers & what each was paid annually. A tall dignified butler apparently enhanced the employer’s standing in society!

Brian gave us a very interesting talk & he answered questions whilst we enjoyed our refreshments.

Looking for Black Sheep

Within minutes of starting her talk Linda Hotchkiss had her audience enthralled at our July meeting. The Lincolnshire genealogist demonstrated with film the sort of documents that are available to help us trace family members who ‘strayed from the straight & narrow’

She spoke of information that belongs to the courts & of police records. These often gave a description of the prisoner & this would delight any researcher. The prisoner’s crime, the sentence imposed by the court & the prison itself would be mentioned. Other documents were displayed & their accessibility for the researcher.

The meaning of legal terms were explained such as the Assize court where a sworn judge attended twice a year. Quarter sessions held four times a year in a county, & petty sessions held in the same place every week.

Newspapers at the time would record criminal events & their outcome.

We saw papers ordering the hanging & the deportation of prisoners for what would appear nowadays as ‘trivial offences’.

At the end of her talk Linda was kept very busy answering questions & we were able to look at the documents she had brought with her.

The Church of St Mary The Virgin West Walton

Our June meeting was held at St Mary the Virgin Church at West Walton.

Members & friends met in the parochial cemetery where Barbara & Ron explained how Mi’s were recorded & encouraged members to ‘have a go at recording an inscription.

We then met up in the church where members of the church & the village community project described the church & the changes that had taken place over the centuries.

The church was built of Barnack stone in 1240. Prior Albert is regarded as the founder of the church & his tomb is inside with the remains of a life size effigy upon it.

The tower built in 1250 is situated about 60 yards away & forms a lichgate entrance to the Church. This phenomenon is not unusual in Fenland as the structure of the land could not withstand the enormous weight of Church & Tower together, but legend has it that the Devil wanted the Tower for himself & tried to carry it away but found it too heavy & let it fall.

The Tower has bells installed although they are not now rung, as the stonework is not deemed to be strong enough to support the ringing.

In its time the church has been foreshortened & made wider & the roof has been replaced by a ‘second hand roof’’ from Suffolk.

During recent restoration work paintings high up on the nave walls were discovered.

It appears that they were painted to look like tapestries. There are many artefacts on the walls of the church stating the dates that repairs have been made & noting the rectors & churchwardens at the time.

There is a large wooden board telling of two great floods that the area suffered in the 1600’s

In 1960 several grave - stones were removed from the grave - yard

The Parochial cemetery is diagonally opposite to the church.

Show and Tell

Members of the Society gave two talks at the May meeting.

Barbara spoke about the preparation needed in recording of the Monumental Inscriptions in a cemetery, or church & showed how Ron drew up the plan ready for the recording team to use.

The audience was told how sometimes it was difficult to read the grave - stones & mentioned the ‘tricks of the trade’ to enable the scripts to be more easily seen, from brushing the stones or spraying with water to tracing the indentations with a pencil or simply waiting for the sunlight to move round.

We were then advised on the vast amount of family history that can be obtained sometimes about a whole family who have been interred in the same burial plot with birth dates & relationships, occupations quoted - even sometimes the stone masons name is evident.

Barbara then explained how the work was then typed up & transferred to a CD so that even if the graveyard or stones were destroyed, as was the case for the Baptist Church cemetery Upwell, there is a record made for posterity.

Although some would think the occupation of recording grave - stones in a cemetery is rather morbid Barbara told of the many ‘lighter moments’ she had experienced. Ron was able to tell of his ‘eerie encounter with the Monk’ who it is said ‘resides’ in the church at Elm….

Linda caused many a laugh as she told of her Search in the Fens for the female line in her family.

As with most families, Linda told of those relations who did not speak to others & how her information was gleaned from various family members and of the vast amount of information gained from all censuses. With this information she was able to follow the lives of her family, saying who married whom, their occupations, how they moved around the Fens & how she herself lives in close proximity to where most of her relations lived although several of the houses no longer exist.

Linda said that it would appear that the ladies were of strong character & ruled the roost & that many of the ladies ran ale - houses to get pocket money. Linda spoke at length of her prudent grandmother who was a keen business - woman who ended up buying several lorries & sending her farm produce to London & it would appear that grandma was not above a ‘bit of black market trade’ during the war.

Linda also explained that she had recently obtained a laminator & in preparing her papers showed us her first wrinkled attempts at using it - but there were other pictures of the family beautifully portrayed which members were able to see after her very amusing & informative talk.

Exploring Family History

Derek Palgrave gave our members & visitors an insight into how maps past & present help us trace our families. In the British Isles we were shown county boundaries & how they have ‘moved’ over the years.

He pointed out how surname spelling can alter from one county to another especially where dialect was present or the scribes wrote down names as they sounded rather than the correct spelling and members stated that they had come across this in their own research.

There were maps that showed locations where particular work or crafts were concentrated & the grouping of surnames in different areas, these taken form the 1881 census and now available on disc.

It was noted that family movements often followed the line of a river that could also be the natural boundary line.

From this Derek showed us plots of movement of specific families – his own included and he then spent a long time showing the concentration in different counties of the surnames taken from the members present. Such was the interest in this activity that the clearing of the hall at the end of the meeting went on around him & he was thanked for giving us a fascinating evening.

Abolition of Slavery

At our February meeting Brian Payne talked us about all the work done to achieve the Parliamentary Act to Abolish Slavery in 1807.

He began by speaking of the Clarkson Family.

Thomas Clarkson senior was headmaster at the Wisbech Grammer school & was curate at the Walsoken Church. He & his wife Ann had two sons, Thomas Clarkson junior & his brother John.

Thomas Junior was a book loving man & started his training for the church at the St.John’s College Cambridge, & eventually reached the position of Deacon.

John was the adventurous son & eventually took to the sea as a ship’s captain.

Whilst Thomas was at Magdelin College the Master set an essay competition & Thomas entered with an essay entitled ‘Is it lawful to make slaves of others against their wills’.

He won the competition & attended several meetings about this subject & on a journey to London he was considering what he had written & received what he believed was Divine intervention & knew that ‘God wanted him to follow through his belief about the urgent need to stop human slavery’

So he started to call on other bodies to help in his task in getting slavery abolished.

Thomas travelled to America & the Caribbean & saw for himself the terrible living & working conditions of the slaves.

He met with disapproval from all quarters such as sugar plantation owners & the owners of the ships that carried the slaves.

He needed support from parliament & was helped amongst others by William Wilberforce M.P.

Eventually The Act was passed with a small majority on 25th March 1807 & The Royal Assent obtained.

It was thirty years before the Act became in any way effective.

Ships captains were fined £100 for each slave they were found to be carrying in their ships & if approached at sea by the authorities the slaves would be thrown overboard.

Brian then told us that the chest of artefacts brought back by Thomas Clarkson from his travels abroad is on display at the Wisbech museum & that in this 200th year celebration it was being loaned to the London Westminster Palace. Throughout this year many activities are being arranged locally & elsewhere to celebrate the work of Thomas Clarkson including the refurbishment of Clarkson Statue situated near the river in Wisbech. 1807 was the beginning …the end is still not in sight.

LOOKING INTO BYGONE DAYS
A peep into the past

The October meeting was sponsered by the Lincs C.C. Fens Food & Flower Festival who gave our Society a grant to purchase display screens.

These will be used, as they were at the meeting, to display our work as a society & also used as teaching aids & for displays at all our meetings & outside visits.

The hall was transformed with demonstrations showing many of the older crafts as patchwork, painting, decoupage, quilting, tapestry & crochet.

Our editor showed his skill at rag rug making & the ladies of the Lavender Lace Makers, in their smart lavender coloured tops, displayed exguisite samples of lace. It was fascinating to watch their nimble fingers at work & we were able to 'have a go'. Jean showed the art of spinning & we watched the artistry of the weavers.

Our member Ann showed her delicate touch when egg decorating.

The Cambridge Community Archives had leaflets showing people how to put their old photos, stories & anecdotes onto a web site.

Hetty from the Wisbech Museum had a table with curious objects which we were asked to identify.

Alison, who demonstrates for the National Trust, was kept busy giving tasty samples of old fenland recipes such as sausage clanger, fourses cake, & gooseberry& custard tart with written recipes available.

Our own Book Stall was on display as were tables showing oil lamps & candleholders with a history of lighting through the ages & a table full of memorabilia such as old carpentry tools, clothes, medicine bottles, kitchen tools, toy engines & much more.

Judy's family history was shown as a scroll at least four yards long!

Members & visitors were able to play games such as hoopla, braintease (solitaire), shove h'penny & halam - a game played with marbles.

Books were available on the Victoran Way of Life. WW2 & fashion for members to peruse.

Barbara Bullen did stirling work keeping every one supplied with tea & coffee as well as manning her own table of hand made cards.

It was an extremely interesting evening & pleasing to hear people talking about their own memories.

I wonder how many times the words 'Oh I remember when...' & Do you remember...' were quoted during the evening?

A PEEK INTO THE PAST

The September AGM meeting was followed by refreshments, and a presentation of a collection of photographs on screen & a talk on their acquisition.

Andrew Ingram, well known to our society for his extensive knowledge of local history, enthralled his audience with a new talk of history, anecdotes and a show of photographs of our local environment, some of which had been rescued from local tips & others given to Andrew. It was interesting to hear that many pictures were taken from glass slides that hadn’t been seen for many years.

We looked at photos of trains, buildings, the Wisbech canal, well-known local people, sports days, & of royal visits, from Peterborough to our local villages, from London to abroad. We saw images of the River Jordan, Bethlehem & Jerusalem, taken by his relatives when abroad. Andrew, as ever full of information told us that the water from the River Jordan was always used for our Royal Family baptisms.

He showed how dates could be given to pictures by looking at costumes, vehicles & shop fronts, & demonstrated that by detective work he was able to date precisely, a photo, from an unclear poster in a named shop window advertising the local ‘Mart Fair’ that only took place on a particular Wednesday in September. He used the local Kelly’s trade directory to establish the year the shop was in business & by using a rotating yearly calendar came up with the precise date.

We saw old familiar constructions like the old ‘Wisbech Gasometer’ & Octagon Church, now no longer in existence, but remembered by the photos taken.

There were many memories recalled by the audience after this talk, which was very well received.

WALPOLE ST. PETER CHURCH

Our July meeting saw members and guests from the King’s Lynn Family History Society enjoy a pleasant & very warm evening at Walpole St Peter at the church that Prince Charles & his guests visit.

After strolling around this large church the rector gave us a brief history of the building.

There has been a church on this site since 1021 & the present tower was built in 1300. A sea flood destroyed everything in 1337, except the tower. The rebuilding was set back in 1348 by the appearance of the disease known as the Black Death. A change from local agriculture to sheep farming provided much of the finance required to complete the work. As much wool as could be produced was exported to Belgium.

The present nave, which was divided by a rood - screen was the nave & chancel until 1425. It was at this time that the rood screen was moved to the east wall, the wall removed and the present chancel added with a magnificent stained glass east window. Although there is only the lower half of the rood screen remaining, the original paintings can still be identified.

The church has many windows letting more light in than was usual & today there is an ongoing programme of restoration work on the plain & stained glass windows.

There is an unusual western screen spanning virtually the width of the church behind the pews. This was thought to be either a ‘draught excluder ‘ or to keep the animals in one place when they were brought to church to pay tithes or for sale.

There is a very large table that was thought to be used by the congregation to sit at to eat their meals when they had had to walk a long way to church.

The rector took us on a tour demonstrating the use of the unusually deep font, which is covered by ornate wooden swing doors showing mermen, their origins & meaning unknown. We saw a poor box dated 1630 & a metal lined low rocking cradle, which we thought might have been used by the babies awaiting their baptism.

We then went to the chancel where the altar is about 7ft 6 ins above the church floor & was reached by several steps. The reason for this was that when the time came to build the altar it was found to encroach on a right of way, so a tunnel was formed & the altar built on top. This tunnel was known as the bolt hole & on going outside & walking through it we could see the iron rings in the wall where the horses were tethered & the dent in the ground which legend has is the spot where the Giant Hickathrift threw a cannon ball to frighten away the devil.

The majority of the church registers were stolen in the 1960s when the safe was removed from the church. The rest of the evening was spent looking at the few documents they have left with some replicas. People then strolled around the church themselves with a guide book which could be purchased, asked questions, look at paintings & carvings and enjoyed light refreshments served by the rector.

A VISIT TO LEVERINGTON CHURCH

Mr. Nightingale the churchwarden welcomed about 40 members to the Swaine Chapel within Leverington Church so called because most of the elaborate memorials on the walls & floor belonged to generations of the wealthy Swaine family of Leverington.

He explained that the Danes raided the area in about 678AD & landed on the then seashore about 400 metres from the village & that the name Leverington derives from that event. The word ‘ing’ means a family, ‘ton’ means a settlement, & lever derives from ‘Leof Here’ meaning ‘happy landing party’.

In about 850 the settlement had become Christian & a small wooden church was built, this in time was destroyed & there are parts of the church in stone that date back to 1250. The present church dates from the 14th and 15th centuries.

We were told how in the past the chancel of the church was used by the church dignitaries & was screened from the nave by a three tiered rood screen, & the nave being used not only for church services but for meetings, buying & selling, with animals roaming around & as a social centre. We were all amazed to hear that the altar rail as we know it was not used as a place to take communion but placed there to keep the dogs away from the altar!

The informative talk continued with a tour of the church. We heard how the font, which is centuries old is in a sad state as the salts in the stone are extruding & urgent repair work by experts must be carried out before the font crumbles completely.

We saw a very uncommon wooden lectern, which in its time was thought to be too gaudy for the church when it was painted green so it was abandoned to the coal hole, & on renovation the original gilt decoration was uncovered

The Jesse Window was pointed out to us which shows the lineage of Christ.

We were then free to tour the church ourselves & look at the registers & the altar silver.

Guidebooks were available, as were refreshments. Members spent another hour taking photos & asking questions & others spent their time researching the registers.

‘THE SURPRISE FIND’

Our February meeting was organised by the men of our Society. Their task was to display their own surprise finds & discuss them with members and guests.

Martin showed that by investigating other than close relatives, especially when using the web, much information might be obtained. In Martin’s case a web site showed the working life on the railways in Birmingham of his Gt Gt Grandmother’s brother, Richard Bore, who from Ag. Lab. background rose to be the Carriage Superintendent responsible for the design, construction & performance of all passenger rolling stock, including Queen Victoria’s Saloon. Documents showed how he gave evidence after a rail accident in 1873 & another document - 15 pages long - that was a copy of the complete Minutes of Evidence to the Royal Commission of Rail Accidents in February 1875. From all this information Martin was able to find out that Richard also worked in America and on the continent. These documents represent a great find & surprise & his advice is ‘ not to ignore your ancestors‘ siblings’.

Ron was at Kew to get a copy of his Grandfather’s naval records. Whilst searching the film he was surprised & delighted to come across his Gt Uncle’s naval records. Previously only knowing that Gt Uncle was interred in Norway during the war the surprise find of his naval record’s showed details of his naval career & his date of repatriation. Further research on Gt. Uncle showed, on leaving the navy he worked as an attendant at one of three swimming baths in Bedford. Grandfather went to the Balloon Sheds in Cardington working on the R101 & had pictures of the balloon on its 2nd day out of the sheds.

After this he worked on the railway. Both sets of Naval Records were on display, together with artefacts and photos.

Mr. Horsepole was able to show copies of several letters from Florence Nightingale to his relative, a medical attendant at Scutari, of whom she thought most highly. Her letters always showed great consideration for the man & his family. A letter showed Florence offering a post at the London Hospital when the man had to leave Scutari.

Paul used a computer generated programme & photos to show his Grandfather who was a Postmaster & Grocer who also bred pigs, ended up buying a bacon factory and manufactured pork pies & sausages.

Hayden had a grand display of carefully labelled family portraits & photos showing several generations.

He also ran a competition –trying to name the place in an old photo, which showed gardens, & a commercial greenhouse in Wisbech, in the mid 1800s.

There were help desks & fiche readers for research and light refreshments were served all evening.

PUBS & INNS OF WISBECH - ANDREW KETLEY

Our January meeting provided the first ever audience for Andrew Ketley, a local man. A friend who had done several sketches of the drinking establishments in Wisbech gave them to Andrew and this encouraged Andrew to further research into archives, maps, and papers.

We were told that the meanings of words like inn, tavern, public house, hotel, beer/ale house all differed slightly in their regard to the location of the establishment and the services they offered. With the aid of computer displayed pictures we were taken on a tour of the local environs and shown the position of named pubs in Wisbech in the 1800’s with the sketches. It was common for pubs to change their name when new owners took over. Andrew’s diligent research uncovered many gruesome stories attached to some pubs, such as murders, attacks, drownings of the pubs inhabitants & suicide. Coroners inquests were often held in the pubs with the corpse taken to the pub in the coffin, so that the jury could see the body & ‘confirm the cause of death’!

Many pubs & hotels are still here today & several more have changed their use & frontage and others have disappeared altogether & it is with the maps that we see where they had been. At one time there had been about 168 drinking places in Wisbech & one could wonder how they all made a living.

After the extremely interesting & well - researched talk Andrew was kept busy answering questions and showing members & guests the books & papers he had with him.

NONCONFORMISTS

The Reverend Wym Zwalf was our speaker for our November meeting. His talk told us how the church ‘fell out’ in 1054 over mans interpretation of the words in the Bible quoting the Creed, leading to the division of the church of the Catholic Church on the one hand & the Non Conformists on the other. Over time the non-conformists then ‘divided’ again giving us the Independents in 1550. Congregationalists, a primitive church ruled by elders & ministers. The Presbyterians - strictly Calvinistic, who similarly agreed to a hierarchy of a governing body. The Baptists in 1609 who decreed that children could not be baptised because they could not speak for themselves, & that adults were to be baptised by full immersion in water. The Methodists instigated by John Wesley in 1738 after he had attended a church meeting &‘felt his heart strengthen’. Methodists were given to serious study & commitment & their doctrines were the same as the Church of England but they were not welcomed so that their meetings were often held outdoors & drew in the working people. The Methodists were the first to introduce hymns into religious services, before this only psalms & passages from the Bible were chanted.

The Corporation Act of 1661 was designed to restrict public office to members of the Church of England ie those who were prepared to take Holy Sacrament according to the Rites of the Church of England. In 1673 the same Act was applied to Roman Catholics & Protestant dissenters. In 1820 both Acts were repealed by parliament.

There was much more fascinating information & Wym was kept busy answering members questions during the social evening that followed with refreshments provided by the members .

The very enjoyable evening ended with a speaker from designated groups of people telling their own family history anecdotes & exchanging ideas on family research.

TALKING JUNK
By RICHARD BARNWELL

Those who did not get to our October meeting missed a very entertaining night. Richard, a member of the Society, displayed & spoke about some of his large collection of memorabilia or junk as he called it. As an avid collector Richard told us how he got started with his ‘hobby’ & how it has virtually taken over his life & office space, even though he holds selling auctions. Books from the 1800s were passed around for closer inspection & items of great value to pieces that were worth practically nothing were shown. Audience participation was encouraged & Richard was impressed by the knowledge we had in identifying the more obscure pieces.

Richard spoke of clearing houses & being told the owners had thrown out ‘the junk’ because nobody wanted it & himself retrieving ‘the junk’ which was probably more valuable than the furniture that had been ‘saved’.

On being asked about his favourite ‘item’, Richard said that his wife, also interested in his collection, was his favourite closely followed by his childhood teddy bear & that amongst his collection many items were his favourites.

The meeting ended when Richard read a poem about Wisbech called ‘The Gem’ by John Hartford of Wisbech St.Mary.

Books, cookery items, farm implements & much more was on display and at the end of the meeting we were able to examine ‘the junk’ & Richard was kept busy answering questions & examining items brought in by the audience.

BOOT AND SHOE MAKERS

Our September meeting began with the AGM and was followed immediately by a fascinating talk on the manufacture of boots and shoes given by Geoff Lee. The talk was well illustrated by slides of shoes and fashion changes through the ages.

We saw a diagram of the 13 parts needed to make a hand made leather Oxford mans shoe.

There is evidence from wall paintings that the Egyptians wore sandals. Plain style for the common folk and elaborate sandals with curled toe sections for the elite.

The Romans were the first to have an industry for making footware. They tanned leather and made strong sandals that had riveted soles through an insole. Second century invaders made a turn shoe that was made inside out for easier construction & then turned and made waterproof.

Originally shoes were made with no left or right fittings, one wore the shoes & they moulded themselves the persons own foot shape.

In our family trees we often see the word cordwainer to describe a boot & shoe maker which is in fact a misnomer, for a cordwainer was a man who handled & provided the skins of mouflon sheep & goats skin to the shoe maker who worked from his home. We heard that to call a shoemaker a cobbler was an insult.

Every village would have several boot makers, often father & son plying their own businesses & in the cities there would be hundreds.

We saw slides of the very uncomfortable looking shoes worn by Henry V111, & shoes & boots, some in remarkable condition found aboard Henry’s ship ‘Mary Rose’.

In 1650 woman wore peculiar high heeled shoes called clap shoes - this because of the sound of a loose part of the extended shoe sole hitting the heel as they walked- a fashion statement no doubt.

In 17C silk mules with shaped heels, were worn by gentleman.

In 1750 it became fashionable for men to show their wealth by wearing silver buckles on their shoes.

In 1800 ladies often made their own shoes from fabric and added elaborate embroidery, & we saw the tools they used.

In 17C apprentices were trained to become shoemakers, going on to become journeymen & then setting up their own business.

Boot and shoemakers joined the armed services to provide boots & shoes to the troops in the field.

It is known that a farmer employing Ag. Labs had to provide the men with boots for the first year.

In industry shoes were hand made by many processes before a shoe was complete. Each man had his own tools & never changed his particular process.

Progress brought machines to do the work and the need for workers diminished until today when leather is not often used & the whole process is virtually automated.

The talk finished with Geoff showing his family history of cordwainers. .

WISBECH GENERAL CEMETERY

We were taken round the cemetery at our August meeting by Sue Beale & Sarah Ledger who belong to the Friends of the Leverington Road Cemetery Society.

The grave - yard at St Peter & St Paul Church in Wisbech was full & the area became a source of infection. As a consequence a three - acre parcel of land was purchased in 1836 from the non-conformist Mr Joshua Bland, primarily for the burial of non-conformists. A company was formed & shares sold although the burial ground never showed a profit. The ground was set out as a formal garden with trees & shrubs & a chapel was built within the grounds. A photograph of the chapel taken by Samuel Smith was shown. Several prominent Wisbech people, including Samuel Smith were buried there. There have been 6,500 burials in the grounds over 100 years. Long closed the cemetery fell into decay & became very overgrown. It became the property of the Cambridgeshire County Council.

In 1992 a group of volunteers joined with the Fenland District Council, The National Trust & the Wisbech Tourism Group, amongst others to formulate a plan of restoration & long term management.

This has produced areas of clearance, replanting of young trees & plants, restoration of some of the memorials stones to create a pocket park for tourism, educational purposes, studies & to give access to wildlife. Ongoing are ecological studies & an updating of the history of the site.

We were shown the elevated area of the cemetery where the rich & well known people were buried - proven by the very elaborate & large memorial stones.

The chapel is in a dangerous state of collapse & the area has now been cordoned off whilst a decision on what should happen to the chapel is reached. The friends continue to maintain the pathways & some memorials. Several benches have been placed in the cemetery allowing one to sit & contemplate, & relax in this peaceful pocket park.

The tourist office has a register of burials & the volunteers are pleased to help & advise anyone researching this area for the burial of family within the cemetery.

We visited in the evening & the light was not the best for viewing, but we were encouraged to visit again during the brighter daylight to appreciate this peaceful area.

We left full of admiration & appreciation for so much work done by volunteers, which it would appear will go on ad infinitum.

UPWELL ST. PETERS CHURCH & VILLAGE

Our meeting on July 28th took place at St. Peters Church Upwell. A group of about 50 members & guests were taken first to the west gallery, which gave us a splendid view of the church & especially the east window. Mr Keith Bradley, a member of the church then gave a short talk on the history of Upwell village & the church. Upwell was a very important waterway & port. Sea going ships came from Ely & Peterborough via the rivers Nene & Ouse through Upwell & Outwell to Wisbech & then on to the Wash.

The 7th century saw the founding of a Benedictine priory at Upwell by Etheldreda the founder of Ely cathedral. It was built close to the river & probably suffered attacks from the Vikings. In about AD 969 a further priory was built much farther away from the river.

In the 13th century a new church was built on the site of an earlier Saxon one. This was built with a red brick & iron bound conglomerate which can be seen today. The stone was brought by barge & unloaded at the quayside.

Inside the church we saw the north gallery. This was built in the 1830s to accommodate an expanding congregation. Parishioners were brought to church from surrounding villages by horse drawn barge known as Mr. Townleys Packet. On the front of the gallery we saw the magnificent coat of arms belonging to the Townley family. On the back of the gallery could be seen 2 very long heavy poles with large iron hooks, these were attached to horses to help pull burning thatch from houses.

We then toured the church & Mr Bradley showed us the wall plaque commemorating a crusader’s burial, & several monumental inscriptions on the walls. He pointed out the brass Asiatic cholera memorial, a time when 67 people died from the disease. At the chancel steps we saw the lectern, which is made of the yellow alloy known as latten, & the pulpit to the right of the centre aisle, which is unusual, because this positioning is usually only found in a cathedral. On looking up we could see the beautiful angel roof.

There was time to wander around the church after partaking of splendid refreshments supplied by the ladies of the church. We were able to look at the altar silverware & learned that this was kept in pristine condition by using only hot soapy water & a soft cloth. Registers of births, deaths & marriages were on display & people were able to look at them & discover some of their own family connections.

Several people took the opportunity to visit the graveyard & look at the cholera graves & the area of the Quaker burials. The Roman pavement (tesserae) found when digging in the graveyard is now set in the ground outside the west door.

A splendid evening came to a close with the presentation to Mr Bradley of a CD of the Monumental Inscriptions from the graveyard & those inside the church. This was produced by members of the society.

We would like to thank Mr. Bradley, & the ladies who supplied refreshments for a most enjoyable evening, & also Rev. Jesson for allowing the group to visit this fascinating church. There is an information booklet available in church which would help people enjoy their first or return visit to this great building.

FAMILY HISTORY DAY

June 18th 2005 was our 2nd family history all day event. A hot sunny day brought a steady stream of members & visitors to St Peter’s Church Hall. The morning & afternoon saw all the usual facilities available to help people with their family history research & we heard of successes & progress made.

A display board showed the on going work projects of the Fenland Family History Society with general information & photos.

The bookstall was set up & Martyn Thompson was able to display the latest Monumental Inscriptions recorded now in CD form.

Light refreshments were available all day, the kitchen being manned by Barbara Bullen & her helpers.

The first talk by Brian Jones, who stepped in at the last minute due to the illness of the original speaker, was on the arrival of CHRISTIANITY IN THE FENS.

He spoke of the establishment of the abbeys in fenland, mentioning especially the one at Thorney. He also spoke of the arrival of the Huguenots who came from Holland to escape catholic persecution. They brought different & beneficial skills to fenland & integrated well in to the area. Their descendants are around today although the spellings of their names may have changed due to the difficulty in the pronunciation of ‘foreign names’ by the local fen men. Brian’s talk was illustrated by slides & at the end of his talk there was much discussion & a question & answer session, there being several people present with possible Huguenot connections.

Brian’s talk was about OPEN SPACES

Brian took us from the times of & what was meant by common lands, to the time when people were allocated strips of land in various parts of their locality, through to the Act of Parliament which established enclosure of lands & the strips of land being sold to make larger areas of land until most were eventually owned by two or three people only. Again illustrated by slides it made the explanations easy to understand.

After lunch Lyn Hopwood gave us a marvellous display of VICTORIAN CLOTHES.

An avid collector, Lyn was able to give us the history of the clothes she displayed, how she obtained them & how they were preserved for the future (& what was to happen to the collection on her demise). One very slim young lady was chosen to be dressed, very bravely for it was a very hot afternoon, as a Victorian lady, from the unmentionables below to her morning dress. Lynn also had members of the audience dress in various capes, hats & accessories to show the clothes of the different classes of people of the time. After wearing the clothes for the afternoon we then saw the young lady disrobed, much to her relief, of her dress, petticoats & corsets. Yes she did stop at the unmentionables!

At the end of her talk Lyn let the audience examine & handle the clothes. We were able to see the beadwork & fine stitching on some of the gowns, & Lyn was kept very busy answering questions for quite some time.

The very enjoyable day ended with a question & answer session with Brian Jones in his usual light- hearted manner & he was thanked by the chairman, especially for stepping in at the last moment for the first speaker.

THE JEWELS OF KEW

Sue & Jonathan Farmer were the speakers at our May meeting. Sue began the talk by taking us on a 97 miles informative tour of the National Archives. This is the amount of space required to house all the records safely. She told us what could & could not be found at Kew & the Family Record Centre in Islington & the best way to do our searches. The documents held at Kew are many & varied, from records of central government to maps & tithes and records for armed forces to legal documents & taxes. The list was endless. Sue spoke about the library & explained that if you asked for a particular item with as much information as possible, the helpful staff would find if for you or at least knew where to send you. She amused us by recounting the story of a lady who asked for 'the gold book' & with this very limited information the correct book was acquired.

We were told of the facilities for photocopying records when we found them & that our own digital cameras could also be used, providing they were checked in on entrance.

Advice was given on how to equip ourselves with as much information as possible about our own research needs, before a trip the National Archives, firstly to save time when we got there & secondly to help the staff to help us when we had queries.

Jonathan continued the talk on how he became involved with the work at Kew. He then illustrated with slides & explained the information leaflets available at Kew that would ease our research tasks. He told us what was available at Kew on computer & on line at home. He again stressed the need to go 'fully equipped with information' when visiting The National Archives & the talk ended with Sue & Jonathan answering questions. An evening, which we hope, encouraged all to visit the National Archives at Kew.

DATING VICTORIAN PHOTOGRAPHY

BA small group of members listened to the well known speaker Tom Doig as he took us through the progress of photography from the days of cave dwelling paintings & the true ‘photo’ when hands were placed on cave walls & drawn around –a true likeness then as photos are today. He reminded us of our school experiments with photographic paper, leaves & sunlight. Tom spoke of the work of people like Josiah Wedgewood & Humphrey Davy & their attempts to put pictures on plates using soot & silver salts, the 12 hour exposure times needed & the lack of success in keeping the ‘photos’ for more than a few minutes in the light.

We heard how the first photos in negative form were put onto glass & then backed by black mastic. This, by optical illusion turned the photograph to a positive.

Tom showed several slides of photos taken during the years 1840 –1900. He described the poses & the equipment such as neck braces & tables used to keep the subject still during the exposure time, which would be for several minutes, & how from what we could see the date could be worked out.

In later years the backs of photographs were used to advertise the photographer’s patronage, his address, the negative number etc, all of which changed gradually with time. We heard descriptions of various photo frames & how they were made up with such items as silver fillets & various shaped board frames sprayed gold, the tooling of the surrounding leather & the impressed hinged covers made by rolling through a mangle, a mixture of coal dust, milk & sulphuric acid which was then left to harden in the sun. We were able to see such a cover on an old album brought in by a member. The frames they were set in, as well as the style of photo & sometimes the dress of the people could also help to assess the dates of photos.

At the end of his talk Tom had a group of members & visitors at his table discussing their own photos.

SHORT TALKS BY THE COMMITTEE

Bad weather conditions & a long travelling distance caused our speaker to cancel his talk to the Society at our February meeting.

In spite of snow & the bitterly cold night about 35 people listened to talks given by Bridget our chairperson, & members of the committee who were ‘encouraged’ by Bridget to produce 10 minute talks at the last moment. Bridget started the evening off by recalling the misdemeanours of her family in the past & how Scottish Church law was applied to these wrongdoings, & how the wrongdoers evaded their penance. She also spoke of adoption & the way to find adoption papers. She then took us on a journey by an 8seater plane to North Ronaldsy in the Orkney Isles. It was fascinating to hear how she & Peter arrived on the island as strangers & how they left with most of the inhabitants, some found to be relatives, waving them off from the cow field which acted as the airport.

Barbara then gave a glimpse into the treatments of illnesses & accidents learned from her Grandmother whilst living with her. She read a recipe dated 1802 (from the newly acquired reference library book ‘Medicine in Wisbech & the Fens 1700 onwards’) for a poultice for sore legs, made with lots of natural herbs, flowers, leaves & oils. Barbara spoke of treatments, which could only have worked by the placebo effect & some medications, which were quite dangerous but ‘did the job’. She also mentioned today’s versions of some of the old treatments. Her talk was followed by the refreshment break & several members came & spoke to Barbara about their own recollections of grandma’s treatments.

Anita caused many laughs with her light - hearted talk on Murphy’s Law for genealogists, (akin to Sod’s law in every day life) examples of which most researchers have met up with. She spoke of the ink used in family bibles to record family events to be the only ink that fades beyond legibility –how the page you want to research on the web is smudged & unreadable when the pages on either side are crystal clear – how your favourite uncle never wrote anything down because he had a memory like a filing cabinet but unfortunately died the week before you were going to visit him to ask about family. How papers that would have answered that long researched question had been burned & how some records searched for were proved to be incorrect.

As most of us have come across such stumbling blocks we fully appreciated Anita’s talk & could be led to believe that some things are not to be known!

Peter then spoke of Witches in the Fens. There seemed to very few in Cambridgeshire, the last one known possibly being at Ramsey. The audience did not know of any witches but we suppose there were some ‘good & bad’.

WINDMILLS & MILL WRIGHTS

Brian Jones was our speaker for the January meeting. Brian opened his talk by telling us of the crusaders experience of windmills in Persia in the 3rd century BC, & that they later brought that knowledge to our shores coupled with their skill of building towers.

The millwright was looked upon as a skilled workman with a social standing just below the gentry. Despite this it was not uncommon for a millwright to become bankrupt two or three times during his working life as the last payment for the mill was not made until the mill had been working for some time.

Often a family business the wife was also involved especially when the windmill sails were covered with canvas, as it was she who would sew the canvas.

We heard that the millwright built the mill as well as repairing & maintaining it. A fact that many in the audience had not realised.

Apparently one way of telling if a man was a good millwright was to look at his hands, and if he had some fingers missing then this showed a skilled man. This came about from having to lubricate the moving parts of the mill with goose grease, and fingers getting trapped in cogs & wheels!

We heard that Norfolk & Lincolnshire had a large number of mills because of the steady flow of water in these areas & that Cambridgeshire had fewer because the water only oozed from the fen ground.

Brian spoke of the different types of mills that were built as time progressed, from post mills, round house, the smock mills with the tops able to rotate & tower mills that rotated & were self-steering.

From women grinding corn between two stones to windmills used for grinding, to water mills which gave way to mills driven by steam to lift water from one level to another.

All aspects of the millwright’s life were illustrated by slides.

The intricate machinery inside the mill was also explained to us and that the millwright was responsible for all.

A fascinating talk that was followed by many questions that Brian answered in his usual light hearted way.

TRAVELLERS & GYPSIES

Peter Edwards was the speaker for the well-attended October meeting. Being of Romany decent and having done his own family history research Peter gave us a fascinating description of Romany life.

The gypsies originated from Northern India hence, he explained the dark hair in ringlets & sallow complexion. Over the centuries they crossed Europe and arrived in Scotland in 1515 & were called ‘Egyptians’.

The Irish gypsies came over during the potato famine & are a different people entirely. The Irish & ‘Egyptians’ never mixing in normal circumstances, both having different ‘standards’ & ways of life.

Peter spoke of the family names such as Lee, the Scamps of Kent, and Lovell, Wood the celebrated family of Bala North Wales the Toogoods, Buckland, Smith & Jones & many more. There was an inclination to change ones name if the situation called for it, but surnames were often taken from the female line.

The first names were also very different some being Comfort, Crimea, Ishmael, Malachi, Samson & of course Delilah, Shandras, Uriah & again many more.

Their occupations were many & varied, for without doubt if one did not work one did not eat! They were good & knowledgeable horse traders, dealers in scrap metal, a lucrative business apparently as one of Peter’s relatives, himself a scrap metal dealer, now owns many race horses. Hawking, land work, basket & peg making, knife sharpeners & so on. Fortune telling was left to the women folk. Peter showed us an anvil used by a relative who was a tinker who would repair your pots & pans. It would appear that there was no job a gypsy could not do. They were also antique dealers although the method of obtaining the antiques was dubious. They carried their wealth as gold earrings & rings on their fingers but had few other possessions.

In 1824 The Vagrancy Act was passed & begging was made illegal. Those caught were fined £5 or jailed just for being a gypsy in some cases. Peter recalled his grandfather, a great drinker, & all the troubles he got into. Although gypsies have a high moral standard especially when it comes to their children, they were not above’ breaking the law ‘& Peter told of his relatives who were apprehended for attempted murder, bigamy,’ furious’ driving of horses, counterfeiting & being drunk & disorderly especially on cider. The magistrates were kept busy with the misdeeds of the gypsies, seeing the same people on a regular basis. They travelled around following the work as dictated by the seasons often turning up at the same place at a certain time of year.

The diet was mentioned being mostly what could be found in the hedgerow like hedgehog, rabbit & fruits. Bread & milk was often obtained by begging from the farmers who provided work for the gypsies. Their health was good, many of Peter’s relatives living well into there 90’s. It is believed that hard work & an outdoor life although hard was tranquil.

The true Romany cares for nature, never leaving the site untidy or destroyed even to the point of cutting out turf to make a fire & then returning the turf when they leave. Peter showed us an original iron used for holding a kettle over a fire. Photographs and handouts were available & the meeting ended with many people asking questions.

At our September meeting & after the A.G.M, Keith Adamsom, Director of The Oddfellows gave an interesting talk about the origins of the Oddfellows & particularly of the Lodge in Wisbech & surrounding districts.

In the 12 century, Guilds were established for groups of people belonging to the professions. The Oddfellows were so called because their various occupations did not let them belong to the Guilds, so they banded together to form their own society. The reason for their existence was bound closely to the teachings of the Church in that they gave care, sustenance & friendship to those in need.

In 1700 the society was considered illegal because of the fact that to belong one had to take an oath, which some considered to be against the church’s teaching.

An Act of Parliament made the societies illegal & Henry 8th took their monies for the royal coffer. Elizabeth 1 sold back to them their Charter.

In 1834 the Tolpuddle Martyrs were deported for belonging to an illegal society. The society had to be kept secret so special passwords & handshake was instigated as a form of communication and despite their illegality the society grew.

In 1837 the Northern district established the Neptune Branch of Wisbech. The branch was still considered illegal, but continued to care for & befriend others as it does today.

In 1839 Surgeon Tubbs became a member. Members paid 1 shilling a week so that the doctor could give them medical care.

These societies were the fore runners of today’s Trade Unions

Keith then demonstrated the meaning of the symbols on their banner showing that the society still adheres to the teachings of the church.

He spoke of the social functions they arrange - how the young members receive vouchers at Christmas and trips to the pantomime.

He brought with him a large board showing the names of Grand Masters of the Wisbech branch from 1838. He also demonstrated the way that voting was carried out by putting one’s hand into a covered box & dropping a ball into the yes or no section of the box. Other regalia was on display. There were minute books from 1854 & 1873, which many people were able to examine at the end of the evening.

Geoffrey Lee illustrated his talk about writing family biographies at our February meeting with examples from his own and his wife's ancestors. "If you do not record an event that you have discovered about your ancestor," he said, "it may be lost forever". To that end, the majority of the talk described the various sources from which the material for family biographies can be collected. The normal sources for the barebones facts such as parish records, civil registration and the census were covered before concentrating on how to "put the flesh on the bones".

Geoffrey and his wife come from service families and there is a wealth of recorded information about any person who served in the forces. This can be found not only in the wide range of PRO records but also in regimental magazines, books and museums. Re-enactment associations are a more unusual source. From all of these, a full picture of the movements and conditions of life of an ancestor can be built up and, if they were involved in a major incident or battle, detailed descriptions of the event can be found in non-military sources.

The occupations of other ancestors will also provide material for some, such as the examples given of a shoemaker and a fireman, details of their career may be recorded. Where this is not the case, general background material can be found in books, museums and old photographs.

However, the majority of our ancestors, and this includes most of the women, will have left no trace beyond the barebones of birth, marriage and death but there is still flesh to be added. Old maps, old photographs, local history and rural life museums, local archives and books can provide details about where they lived, the church they used and the type of life they would have had. All this can be added to the family photographs, documents and artefacts. Geoffrey finished his talk by outlining the ways that this wealth of biographical information can be recorded and illustrated with these items as well as audio and video tape recordings. He closed by emphasising that we owe it to future generations to do this for our own lives if not for anyone else.

Witches & Ghosts of Cambridgeshire

There was another large turn out to welcome the return of Mike Petty, former Librarian for the Cambridgeshire Collection, to the Society's March meeting. On this occasion, Mike entertained us with his talk on the Witches and Ghosts of Cambridgeshire starting by introducing his brand new book of a selection of 350 photographs of Cambridgeshire from the photographic survey by the Cambridge Antiquarian Society.

Starting with Naomi's story, Mike chilled us with ghost stories from throughout the county based on contemporary eyewitness accounts and backed up by facts from the usual family history sources - records of births, marriages and deaths, electoral rolls and newspapers. In between the ghost stories, we heard tales of witches from the time of Hereward the Wake up until 1915, grave robbing and hangings.

Although, as Mike said, "not a proper lecture" there was a strong lesson about how we can test and flesh out our own family history stories with solid research. Yet again, a very enjoyable and informative evening.

Christine Morris, who works for the Family Tree Magazine at Ramsey, was welcomed to our May meeting to talk to us about Newspapers for Local and Family History. Christine gave us a short history of newspapers, information about the British Library's newspaper archive at Colindale and examples of how newspapers have helped in her own personal research.

Newspapers have a very long, but patchy, history in this country. The volume available at anyone time has depended on the availability of paper, licensing regulations and the level of censorship at each period. For many centuries newspapers had no illustrations although the earliest had engravings. Photographs started appearing in the late 19th century. Until relatively recently, local news was not seen to be important and local newspapers contained mainly out of date national news.

Old newspapers can be found at local libraries and record offices but the primary source in this country is at Colindale, North London. This repository hold 650,000 volumes on 15 miles of shelving and its holding are growing at 900 foot a year. British publishers are obliged to provide one copy of every item published to the British Library. Overseas material is also held.

Old newspapers are not easy to read but can reward you with much material for your family history research. They may be the only extant source of coroners' reports supplying details of the death on an ancestor. Obituaries can provide information about the whole life of an individual while lists of mourners and floral tributes included can provide details of relatives, including those who have moved away from the area, perhaps even overseas. Obituaries, as well as modern newspapers retrospective articles, may direct researchers to contemporary accounts of events in our ancestors' lives. Imagine the joy of finding that your ancestor has been interviewed by his local newspaper!

Finally, the Internet is always a valuable source. Many indexes to newspapers are published on the Web and Colindale has a good website including a search by area facility.

The Society enjoyed a talk by Jim Lees titled "An Introduction to Researching British Orders, Decorations and Medals."

Jim explained the history of medals and explained how they were awarded for galantry in action, length of service or for an event.

The talk was illustrated with medals and the history of both the medals and the lives of the individuals who were awarded those medals.

Jim also gave us details of were to find the military records of those who had served in the armed forces. He proved very knowledgeable and was able to help members with their queries on the items they had brought along to have identified.

Members of the Fenland Family History Society went back to school at our July meeting, which found us lined up in front of our teacher, reading aloud from copies 16th and 17th century documents. Elizabeth Stazicker, Cambridgeshire Head of Heritage and County Archivist gave us full marks for effort before we broke up for the summer. We worked from five documents ranging in date from 1571 to 1691 and from a parish register to a petition from the people of Manea. Elizabeth showed us how to use sample alphabets and words already deciphered as reference points as well as explaining how to cope with non-standardised spelling. In an incredibly short time we had began to read more fluidly and were told that it was like riding a bike - once you have mastered it, you will always be able to do it but you may be a little wobbly if you haven't done it for some time. I had been looking forward to this workshop for some time and it fully lived up to my expectations. Everyone appeared to have as good a time as I did and can look forward to a summer break deciphering those old documents that have previously seemed impenetrable. Let the weather do it worst!

At our October meeting members of the Fenland Family History Society were reminded by our speaker, Barry Williams, how the vast majority of our ancestors were humble agricultural labourers otherwise known as "ag. labs.". Barry is a teacher in Ramsey who has moonlighted, writing for the Family Tree Magazine. Despite all of us being familiar with ag. labs., they are not easy to define as each was a unique individual doing a range of different jobs. Most were multi-skilled. In 1851 1 in 9 were women. The average age at marriage for women, 28 years before Victorian times, came down to 21 or 22. The population grew but death rates were high - the life expectancy of an American slave was 4 years higher than an English ag. lab. Over the period of Victoria's reign, the conditions of the ag. lab. varied over time.

1830s to late 1840s

Until the 1830s, threshing provided winter work and the winter wages were essential to see the ag. labs. and their families through the summer until the next harvest. Then the threshing machine was introduced. Change, progress and things getting better are not synonymous and the discontent turned to riots. The riots, named for the mythical Captain Swing, took place throughout the South and East Anglian.

Until 1834, the Parish made up any shortfall income below the poverty line. The Poor Law Amendment Act of that year meant that, if you could not support yourself, you were sent to the Workhouse. The Workhouse conditions were worse than those in Jail.

Late 1840s to mid-1870s

Late 1870s to 1890s

1890s to WWI